Chapter 1: Course Introduction

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Enabling OSPF

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ICND v2.0—5-3

Objectives

►Upon completing this lesson, you will be = able to:

&= sect;Describe the features and operation of OSPF

§Use Cisco IOS commands to configure dynamic routing for a sin= gle area OSPF network, given a functioning router =

§Use show and debug commands to identify anomalies in dynamic routing operation using OSPF, given an operational router

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ICND v2.0—5-4

Introducing OSPF

•= Open standard

•= Shortest path first (SPF) algorithm

•= Link-state routing protocol (vs. distance vector)

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ICND v2.0—5-5

OSPF as a Link-State Protoc= ol

&se= ct;OSPF propagates link-state advertisements rather than routing table updates.

§LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area.

§The OSPF link-state database is pieced together from the LSAs generated by the OSPF routers.

§OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to a destination.

►Link =3D router interface

►State =3D description of an interface and its relationship to neighboring routers

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ICND v2.0—5-6

OSPF Hierarchical Routing

<= span style=3D'font-size:113%'>§Consists of areas and autonomous systems

<= span style=3D'font-size:113%'>§Minimizes routing update traffic

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ICND v2.0—5-7

Shortest Path First Algorithm

•Places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the <= /span>shortest path to each destination based = on the cumulative cost

•Cost =3D 108/bandwidth (bps)

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ICND v2.0—5-8

Configuring Single Area OSPF

Router(conf= ig-router)#network address mask area area-id

<= span style=3D'font-size:133%;color:black;font-weight:normal'>R= 26;Assigns networks to a specific OSPF a= rea

Router(config)#router ospf process-id

<= span style=3D'font-size:133%;font-weight:normal'>R= 26;Defines OSPF as the IP routing protocol

Sli= de 1 of 2

Pur= pose: This figure explains how to use the router igrp and network comm= ands to configure an IGRP process.

Emp= hasize: Note that the AS keyword is required for IGRP.

You ca= n use multiple network commands to specify all networks that are to participate in the IGRP process. Only those networks specified will be published to other routers.

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ICND v2.0—5-9=

OSPF Configuration Example

Pur= pose: The figure shows how the IGRP commands operate on the example network.=

Emp= hasize: An administrator only specifies directly connected networks that should be published to other routers.

Withou= t the network command, nothing is advertised. With a network command, the ro= uter will advertise every subnet within the Class A, B, or C network specified= in the configuration.

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ICND v2.0—5-10=

Configuring Loopback Interfaces

►Router ID:

§Number by which the router is known to OSPF

§Default: The highest IP address on an active inter= face at the moment of OSPF process startup

§Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest= IP address of any active loopback interface

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ICND v2.0—5-11=

Router#show ip ospf interface

Verifying the OSPF Configuration

•&nbs= p; Displays area-ID and adjacency information

Router#show ip protocols

•&nbs= p; Verifies that OSPF is configured

Router#show ip route

•&nbs= p; Displays all the routes learned by the router

Router#show ip ospf neighbor

•&nbs= p; Displays OSPF-neighbor information on a per-interface basis<= /span>

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ICND v2.0—5-12=

OSPF debug commands

Router#de= bug ip ospf events

OSPF:hello with invalid timers on interface Ethernet0

hello interval received 10 configured 10

net mask received 255.255.255.0 configured 255.255.255.0

dead inte= rval received 40 configured 30

Router# d= ebug ip ospf packet

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.117

aid:0.0.0= .0 chk:6AB2 aut:0 auk:

Router#de= bug ip ospf packet

OSPF: rcv. v:2 t:1 l:48 rid:200.0.0.116

aid:0.0.0= .0 chk:0 aut:2 keyid:1 seq:0x0

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ICND v2.0—5-13=

Summary

§IGRP, but based on link states rather than = distance vectors. = §OSPF advertises information about each of its links rather than sending routing table <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:55.5%;left:14.6%;width:80.89%;height:6.5%'>= updates like a distance vector protocol. = §The SPF algorithm places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the shortest path = = to each destination based on the cumulative cost required to reach that destination. =

Pur= pose: This slide discuss the initial configurations on the routers and switches.

Not= e: There is no setup mode on the Catalyst 1900 switch.

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ICND v2.0—5-14=

Summa= ry (Cont.)

§OSPF routing process and the network area.= §You can use any one of a number of show <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:51.25%;left:15.16%;width:88.38%;height:6.5%= '>commands to display information about an = OSPF configuration. §To display information on OSPF-related events, such as adjacencies, flooding information, designated router selection, and SPF calculation, use the debug ip ospf events privileged EXEC command.

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$3D"D:\Documents$
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Click to edit Master text styles

Second level

Third level

Fourth level

Fifth level

ICND—Operating and Configuring a Cisco IOS Device Copyright © 2000, Cisco Systems, Inc. 4-‹#› <= /span>

=

Purpose: This chapter introduces the Cisco IOS™= ; CLI on the Catalyst® 1900 switch and router.

Timing: This chapter should take about 2 hours to present.

Note: The Catalyst 1900 switch only has a subset of = the router Cisco IOS commands available.

Contents:

= •Introduction to Cisco IOS. Explain to the student what is IOS?

= •Cisco Device startup procedures in general.

= •IOS configuration source.

= •General introduction to the IOS CLI.

= •Cat 1900 switch startup procedures.

= •Intro to Cat 1900 CLI. This part covers the basic configuration on the switch, l= ike setting the IP address and hostname. More details about the various Cat 19= 00 switch configuration commands are explained in Chapter 6 and 7.

= •Router startup procedures. More details on the router startup process is discusse= d in chapter 5.

= •Router IOS CLI.

=

=

Slide 1 of 2

Purpose: This slide states the chapter objectives.&#= 13;

Emphasize: Read or state each objective so that each student has a clear understanding of the chapter objectives.
Note: Catalyst switches have different CLIs. The Cat= alyst 2900xl and the Catalyst 1900 has a Cisco IOS CLI. The Cisco IOS CLI comman= ds available on the 2900xl is different from the 1900. The Catalyst 5000 fami= ly has no Cisco IOS CLI, and use the set commands instead. This class = only covers the configuration on the Catalyst 1900 switch.

=

Purpose: The figure introduces the IGRP routing prot= ocol. IGRP is a sophisticated distance vector routing protocol.

Emphasize: The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IG= RP) is a dynamic distance-vector routing protocol designed by Cisco in the mid-19= 80s for routing in an autonomous system that contains large, arbitrarily compl= ex networks with diverse bandwidth and delay characteristics. Historically, I= GRP became one of the success factors for the early Cisco IOS software capabilities because of its superiority to RIP version 1.

The important IGRP characteristics are as follows:
= •More scalability than RIP

= •Fast response to network changes

= •Sophisticated metric

= •Multiple-path support

=

Purpose: This figure presents the IGRP metric with i= ts five possible components.

Emphasize : Bandwidth and delay are the two metrics = that are most commonly used. They also comprise the default metric.

Note: Changing IGRP metrics can have great impact on network performance.

Describe the IGRP 24-bit metric field, as follows:

= •Bandwidth—Minimum bandwidth on the route, in kilobits per second.

= •Delay—Route delay, in tens of microseconds.

= •Reliability—Likelihood of successful packet transmission, expressed as an integer from 0 to 255.&= #13;

= •Loading—Effective bandwidth of path.

= •MTU—Minimum MTU in path, expressed in bytes.

The following equation calculates the metric. It is present= ed for instructors and is not required to be taught:

= •metric =3D [k1 x bandwidth + (k2 x bandwidth) / (256 - load) + k3 x delay]
If k5 does not equal 0, an additional operation is done:= 3;

= •metric =3D metric x (k5/(reliability + k4))

The default constant values are k1 =3D k3 =3D 1 and k2 =3D = k4 =3D k5 =3D 0.

Again, if default values are set, metric =3D bandwidth + delay.

The constants (k1, k2, k3) can be changed using the metr= ic weights command. Changes to the IGRP constant values should be made wi= th great care.

=

=

Purpose: The figure presents how IGRP load sharing improves throughput and increases reliability.

Emphasize: Only feasible paths can be used for IGRP = load sharing.

Load-balancing methods vary according to the switching mode because the data structures for process switching, fast switching, and autonomous switching are all different. When process switching, the proces= sor load-balances packet by packet. When fast, autonomous, or silicon switchin= g, load balancing is done destination by destination.

By default, the amount of variance is set to one, which res= ults in equal-cost load balancing.

You can use the default-metric command to change the default metric.

Transition: The following pages describe how to conf= igure the IGRP routing protocol.

=

=

Slide 1 of 2

Purpose: This figure explains how to use the rout= er igrp and network commands to configure an IGRP process.
Emphasize: Note that the AS keyword is required for IGRP.

You can use multiple network commands to specify all networks that are to participate in the IGRP process. Only those networks specified will be published to other routers.

=

=

Purpose: The figure shows how the IGRP commands oper= ate on the example network.

Emphasize: An administrator only specifies directly connected networks that should be published to other routers.

Without the network command, nothing is advertised. = With a network command, the router will advertise every subnet within the Class A, B, or C network specified in the configuration.

=

=

=

=

=

=

Purpose: This slide discuss the initial configurations on the routers and switches. = ;

Note: There is no setup mode on the Catalyst 1900 sw= itch.

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file:///C:/87135DF2/CHAP6.2_files/script.js Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: application/javascript; charset="us-ascii" function LoadSld() { var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj") if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { =09 sld.style.visibility=3D"visible" return } if( MakeNotesVis() ) return runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations(); =09 if( IsWin("PPTSld") ) parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId()) g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize) g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0) if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) InitHLinkArray() if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) ) document.body.scroll=3D"no" _RSW() if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) FullScrInit(); =09 MakeSldVis(); ChkAutoAdv() if( runAnimations ) { if( document.all("NSPlay") ) document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false; if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans ) setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * = 1000 ); else document.body.start(); } } function MakeSldVis()=20 { var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans() if( fTrans )=09 { if( g_bgSound ) { idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(","); pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx ); pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1))); } SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09 } SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" if( fTrans ) SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play() } function MakeNotesVis()=20 { if( !IsNts() ) return false=20 SlideObj.style.display=3D"none" nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj") parent.SetHasNts(0) if( nObj ) {=20 nObj.style.display=3D"" parent.SetHasNts(1) } return 1 } function ChkAutoAdv() { if(SldHasTrans()) SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv else AutoAdv() } function AutoAdv() { if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return var sld=3DGetCurSld() if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay) } function GetObj(id) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id); else return document.getElementById(id); } function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; } function GetSldId()=20 { var regExp =3D /file:\/\/\//i var pos =3D location.href.search(regExp) if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "" && pos !=3D -1) sId =3D location.href.substring(pos) else { sId =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(location.href); var regExp =3D /\// var fixedHref =3D sId var pos =3D -1 =09 pos =3D fixedHref.search(regExp) while (pos !=3D -1) { fixedHref =3D fixedHref.replace(regExp, "\\") pos =3D fixedHref.search(regExp) } =09 if (g_fBaseHyperlink =3D=3D true) sId =3D "file:///" + fixedHref; else sId =3D fixedHref.substring(fixedHref.lastIndexOf('\\') + 1) } =09 return sId } function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx= tmenu") && PPTSld.ctxtmenu.style.display!=3D"none" ) { PPTSld.ctxtmenu.styl= e.display=3D'none'; return true } return false } function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name } function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") } function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) } function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"= && navigator.appVersion.indexOf("Windows")>0 ) } function SupportsPPTHTML() { var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0 if( msie >=3D 0 ) ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) ) else ver=3DparseInt(appVer) return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 ) } function _RSW() { if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() || ( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) ) return var padding=3D0; if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6 cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor ) factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH newSize =3D g_origSz * factor if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1 s=3DSlideObj.style s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px" s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2 s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2 if( g_scaleHyperlinks ) ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) } function _InitAnimations() { animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined'; isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode(); g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc= reen && parent.IsSldVisited()); if( g_animUseRuntime ) { collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq"); if( collSeq !=3D null ) { for(ii=3D0;ii numSlds ) gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds; if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) { if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 ) gSldJumpIdx =3D 1; var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx); gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D ""; win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref ) } } } function _KDH() { if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) { event.returnValue =3D 0; parent.GoToPrevSld(); } } var g_HLinkArray =3D new Array(); =20 function IMapAreaObj( areaObj, coords ) { this.areaObj =3D areaObj; this.coords =3D coords; } function InitHLinkArray() { var appVer =3D navigator.appVersion; var msie =3D appVer.indexOf ( "MSIE " ) var ver =3D 0; if ( msie >=3D 0 ) ver =3D parseInt ( appVer.substring( msie+5 ) ); linkNum =3D 0; for (i=3D0; i 4 ) ) g_HLinkArray[linkNum++] =3D new IMapAreaObj( areaObj, ParseCoords( ar= eaObj.coords ) ); } } function ScaleHyperlinks( factor ) { =20 for ( ii=3D0; ii< g_HLinkArray.length; ii++) { coordsStr=3D""; imaObj =3D g_HLinkArray[ii]; for ( jj=3D0; jj < imaObj.coords.length-1; jj++ ) coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor) + ","; coordsStr +=3D (imaObj.coords[jj]*factor); imaObj.areaObj.coords =3D coordsStr; } } function ParseCoords( coordsStr ) { var numArray =3D new Array(); var i =3D curPos =3D commaPos =3D 0; while ( ( commaPos =3D coordsStr.indexOf(",", curPos) ) !=3D -1 ) {=20 numArray[i++] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos, commaPos ) ); curPos =3D commaPos + 1; } numArray[i] =3D parseInt( coordsStr.substr( curPos ) ); return numArray; } function DocumentOnClick() { if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return; if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) || (event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) ) parent.GoToNextSld(); } var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""= , g_bgSound=3D"", g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser = =3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1; var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w= indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va= r g_animManager =3D null; var g_animUseRuntime =3D false; var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime; var g_animMainSequence =3D null; var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram= es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D15, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_= HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm"; var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO= tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML() var g_fBaseHyperlink =3D false; var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0138.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(= "slide0140.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0141.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("= slide0144.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0145.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s= lide0159.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0146.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl= ide0147.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0149.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli= de0161.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0160.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid= e0157.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0143.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide= 0156.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0139.htm",1,-1,1)); /********************************************* Frameset functions These functions control slide navigation and state of the frameset. **********************************************/ function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) { var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i; return href.replace(regExp, "") } function FullScrInit() { g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black" document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM; document.onkeydown =3D _KDH; document.ondragstart=3DCancel document.onselectstart=3DCancel self.focus() } function Redirect( frmId ) {=09 var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId() if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1); if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) { obj =3D GetObj("Main-File") window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId return 1 } return 0 } var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20 function CalculateMHTMLPrefix() { if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20 href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20 Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20 End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20 if (End < Start)=20 return href.substring(0, Start)=20 else=20 return href.substring(0, End)=20 } return ''; } function GetTags(base,tag) { if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag); else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag); } function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP= refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) } function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() } function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() } function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() } function SetHasNts( fVal ) { if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) { gHasNts=3DfVal UpdNavPane() } } function ToggleOtlText() { gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp UpdOtlPane() } function ClearMedia() { // Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other= wise, // in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod= e. if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0; } function FullScreen() {=20 if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) PPTSld.document.body.pause(); ClearMedia(); var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF = : FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref; if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href) if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) { var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0 var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top= =3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } else { win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" ); if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow; } } function ToggleVNarration() { rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay") if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) ) rObj.Play() else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 ) rObj.Pause() else return; } else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) { narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID") if( narObj ) narObj.togglePause() } } function GetCurSldNum() { =20 obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld) if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return obj.mSldIdx else =20 return gCurSld } function GetNumSlds() { =20 if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 ) return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds; else return GetSldList().mList.length } function GetSldNum( href ) { for(ii=3D0; ii 1 ) PopSldList(); else if( !IsFramesMode() ) { if( gLoopCont ) GoToFirst() else EndShow() } } function GoToPrevSld() { ii=3DgCurSld-1 if( ii > 0 ) { obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii) while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) ) obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii) if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1 GoToSldNum(ii) } } function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) } function GoToLast() { ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length if( ii !=3D gCurSld ) GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref ) } function GoToSldNum( num ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue obj =3D GetHrefObj( num ) obj.mVis=3D1 gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld =3D num; =09 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref= )) else PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref) =09 if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function GoToSld( href ) { if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1 if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "") PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)) else PPTSld.location.replace(href) } function SldUpdated( id ) { if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return gPrevSld=3DgCurSld gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id) if( IsFramesMode() ) { UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane() } } function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) } function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO= bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) } function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) } function CloseWindow() { if( HideMenu() ) return; =09 var event =3D PPTSld.event; if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D= =3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) ) window.close( self ); CatchNumKeys( self, event ); } function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; } function SetupEndShow() { gIsEndShow=3D1; PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no"; PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow; PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM; } function EndShow() { if( IsFramesMode() ) return if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue doc=3DPPTSld.document var dir =3D doc.body.dir if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr"; doc.open() doc.writeln('

' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
') doc.close() } function SetSldVisited(){ GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited=3Dtrue } function IsSldVisited(){ return GetSldList().mList[gCurSld-1].mVisited } function hrefList( sldHref, visible, advDelay, advClk ) { this.mSldHref=3D this.mNtsHref =3D sldHref this.mOrigVis=3D this.mVis =3D visible this.mVisited=3D false this.mAdvDelay=3D advDelay this.mAdvOnClk=3D advClk } function SldList(arr,curSld,fEnd) { this.mCurSld =3D curSld; this.mList =3D new Array(); var idx =3D 1; for(ii=3D0;ii 0) { PushSldList(sldList,fEnd); gCurSld =3D 1; } else if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) { var ii =3D gSldStack.length; gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd); GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref ); } function PopSldList() { if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow) EndShow() else { gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld; gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null; gSldStack.length--; var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1]; GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref ); } } var custShowList=3Dnew Array(); /********************************************* Navigation button implementation There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn implemented as function objects. They share a similiar interface so the event handlers can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20 object without needing to know exactly=20 what type of button it is. **********************************************/ //---------------------------------- function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action ) //---------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _IBP t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE t.ChangeIcon =3D null t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _IBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.mBorderId=3D bId t.mWidth =3D w t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0 } function _IBSetA() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _IBSetI() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } } function _IBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 ) obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1 } } function _IBSetD() { =20 obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0=20 } function _IBSetE( state ) { var t=3Dthis GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible" if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) { t.mIsOn=3Dstate if( state ) t.SetInactive() else t.SetDisabled() } } function _IBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) { if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( t.ChangeIcon ) { obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId) if( t.ChangeIcon() ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth else obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth } t.SetActive() } =20 } function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState ) { var t=3Dthis SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 ) obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId ) obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj= .style.posTop t.mCurState=3DnextState return obj } //----------------------------------------- function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState ) //----------------------------------------- { var t=3Dthis t.Perform =3D _TBP t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE t.GetState =3D chkState t.UserAction =3D action t.ChgState =3D _TBUI t.mObjId =3D oId t.m_elementsId=3D oeId t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBSetA() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetI() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) } function _TBSetP() { if( this.mIsOn ) this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) } function _TBSetD() { =20 this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) this.mIsOn =3D 0 } function _TBSetE() { var t=3Dthis if( !t.GetState() ) t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 ) else t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 ) t.mIsOn =3D 1 } function _TBP() { var t=3Dthis if( t.mIsOn ) {=20 if( t.UserAction !=3D null ) t.UserAction() if( !t.GetState ) return if( t.GetState() ) t.SetPressed() else t.SetActive() } =20 } function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset ) { SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 ) Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset ) } function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle= ft } function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight ) { s=3Dobj.style; s.borderStyle =3D "solid" s.borderWidth =3D 1=20 s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight } function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] } function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() } function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() } function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() } function BtnOnUp() { b=3DGetBtnObj() if( b !=3D null ) b.Perform() else Upd() } function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen } function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen } function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp } function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal ) { s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style s.display=3D"none" if( fVal ) s.display=3D"" else s.display=3D"none" } function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etActive() } function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etInactive() } function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S= etPressed() } function _BSetA_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20 if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } function _BSetI_BorderImg() {=20 b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId] if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) { obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 ) obj.style.posTop=3D0 } } var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"= THREEDFACE" var gBtnArr =3D new Array() gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan= e,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt= lPane,GetOtlState ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN= tsPane ) gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg; gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.= ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To= ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState ) gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n= b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld ) gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n= b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent= .FullScreen ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa= rent.FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent= .FullScreen,null ) gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border; gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border; gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice= ","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration ) gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT= xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText ) gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts" gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState /********************************************* Context menu implementation _CM() is the function that's hooked up to the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to show the menu, we first build it by creating DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20 within the screen area so it doesn't get clipped. Creating the DIVs using createElement() means we don't have to write out any extra HTML into the slide HTML files. **********************************************/ var sNext=3D"Next",sPrev=3D"Previous",sEnd=3D"End Show",sFont=3D"Arial",sAr= row=3D"Arrow",sFreeform=3D"Freeform",sRect=3D"Rectangle",sOval=3D"Oval" function ShowMenu() { BuildMenu(); var doc=3DPPTSld.document.body,x=3DPPTSld.event.clientX+doc.scrollLeft,y= =3DPPTSld.event.clientY+doc.scrollTop m =3D PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx if( (x+m.scrollWidth > doc.clientWidth)&&(x-m.scrollWidth > 0) ) m.style.pixelLeft=3Dx-m.scrollWidth m.style.pixelTop=3Dy if( (y+m.scrollHeight > doc.clientHeight)&&(y-m.scrollHeight > 0) ) m.style.pixelTop=3Dy-m.scrollHeight m.style.display=3D"" } function _CM() { if( !parent.IsFullScrMode() ) return; if(!PPTSld.event.ctrlKey) { ShowMenu() return false } else HideMenu() } function BuildMenu() { if( PPTSld.document.all.item("ctxtmenu") ) return var mObj=3DCreateItem( PPTSld.document.body ) mObj.id=3D"ctxtmenu" mObj.style.visibility=3D"hidden" var s=3DmObj.style s.position=3D"absolute" s.cursor=3D"default" s.width=3D"120px" SetCMBorder(mObj,"menu","black") var iObj=3DCreateItem( mObj ) SetCMBorder( iObj, "threedhighlight","threedshadow" ) iObj.style.padding=3D2 CreateMenuItem( iObj,sNext,M_GoNextSld,M_True ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sPrev,M_GoPrevSld,M_HasPrevSld ) =09 CreateSeparator( iObj ) CreateMenuItem( iObj,sEnd,M_End,M_True ) mObj.style.visibility=3D"visible" } function Cancel() { window.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; window.event.returnVa= lue=3Dfalse } function Highlight() { ChangeClr("activecaption","threedhighlight") } function Deselect() { ChangeClr("threedface","menutext") } function Perform() { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) e.Action() else PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue } function ChangeClr( bg,clr ) { e=3DPPTSld.event.srcElement if( e.type=3D=3D"menuitem" && e.IsActive() ) { e.style.backgroundColor=3Dbg e.style.color=3Dclr } } function M_HasPrevSld() { return( parent.HasPrevSld() ) } function M_GoNextSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) M_End(); else GoToNextSld() } function M_GoPrevSld() { if( gIsEndShow ) { gIsEndShow=3D0; history.back();= PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue; } else GoToPrevSld() } function M_True() { return true } function M_End() { window.close( self ) } function CreateMenuItem( node,text,action,eval ) { var e=3DCreateItem( node ) e.type=3D"menuitem" e.Action=3Daction e.IsActive=3Deval e.innerHTML=3Dtext if( !e.IsActive() ) e.style.color=3D"threedshadow" e.onclick=3DPerform e.onmouseover=3DHighlight e.onmouseout=3DDeselect s=3De.style; s.fontFamily=3DsFont s.fontSize=3D"9pt" s.paddingLeft=3D2 } function CreateSeparator( node ) { var sObj=3DCreateItem( node ) SetCMBorder(sObj,"menu","menu") var s=3DsObj.style s.borderTopColor=3D"threedshadow" s.borderBottomColor=3D"threedhighlight" s.height=3D1 s.fontSize=3D"0px" } function CreateItem( node ) { var elem=3DPPTSld.document.createElement("DIV") node.insertBefore( elem ) return elem } function SetCMBorder( o,ltClr,rbClr ) { var s=3Do.style s.backgroundColor=3D"menu" s.borderStyle=3D"solid" s.borderWidth=3D1 s.borderColor=3DltClr+" "+rbClr+" "+rbClr+" "+ltClr } ------=_NextPart_01CA49EF.94EE0A40 Content-Location: file:///C:/87135DF2/CHAP6.2_files/fullscreen.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" ------=_NextPart_01CA49EF.94EE0A40 Content-Location: file:///C:/87135DF2/CHAP6.2_files/notes_flag.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhCgAKAPcAAAAAAIAAAACAAICAAAAAgIAAgACAgICAgMwENMTExPz8/AAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMDAwP8AAAD/AP//AAAA//8A/wD//////ywAAAAACgAKAEAIKgDx4UNA sKDAgQUTJiCogGHDhBAfFlRAMSFCiAguTozYUGJEiAk0EhQYEAA7 ------=_NextPart_01CA49EF.94EE0A40 Content-Location: file:///C:/87135DF2/CHAP6.2_files/buttons.gif Content-Transfer-Encoding: base64 Content-Type: image/gif R0lGODlhWAESAPf4AAAAAIAAAACAAICAAAAAgIAAgACAgICAgAQEBISEBASEBISEhAQEhMTExAQE /KTM9Pz8/ERERPz8BAT8/KSkpGRkhMTcxCRkxAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAMDAwP8AAAD/AP//AAAA//8A/wD//////yH5BAEAAPgALAAAAABYARIA QAj/APEJHEiwoMGDCBMqXMiwocOHECNKnEixosWLGCEiQKCRo8YDIEHig2DxAD4LKD1avDDhgUuV GUOGbHBR5QGYFBG4fHAB58EKECJEwCfUYAWPFGAygLCRKQIIUKM6WAohKUGgCikcFWh1INWoYKVS 7SrQ41GbIhGYLAuVQVOoC+IyXUuUAkG1HE3KFDhAwkgJc5/qDZmxsOHDiBMrXsy4sePDGyP7lChT 5MULmDPnlDw5YmW6FTNrfgi0aNGEZPEtbfo2bNTUpYeeRph69dPWrqvCNFuBIGG1A59CYPAVQtwF cw0OxWdTIOiBCQAjaAB17fOFII8voGmRc+eOkilm/z9OvTtnjN4hYk1YoT3H2rnBOphPAB9skgq3 2lcaX/5YnJVt9BloAar12UEIRGCZdQghMABI1Tn32IQUVthYexhmqGGGMBHAgIfEhSiiiATAtOGJ GnYI4ogsEldicAYOGNJGZaml3Y0L3NTZUBz1xlB0PUoUI0jlVWRSVN89xBKSGB1YU1TMoRfVBEle hR9HQs1GEHxQ3RZZbveZthxt/LEmXHyp5XWABSCpaRJwbM13gAACPHVccgJFgF+NEhqUAEkQSCfc ddhVhh5dVTaEAEsTUNlkZUWKN9BNGDE6QU8OrSdbllzpxyVTTrU21Uj3scfhp7nNpyoDaTIEJ3P9 If8J2kbLNYegg9JRBwGhFvbq66+ZUiDssMQWK2yHxiZLrInKNotss8l+B5yBrr5p2UIJvortANoC 6+234IbLla/elRtZjeamh5CC3Sb0YLvixivvYkDFGlZqBNh7r4n6goVvv6/ZlCicN+kL71ALTnpQ dCIZp7CihkLA3UQmoWRBogyxtBPGCTnZncVR1rSTo5nuydC/Eo8kUH+lOoTyyvjoCuZu+PjYIKLD rZybtrM1d10C0QXKEVz48GrQkEeWdFJKlbb0UmEeV0SzyC6RvNB646LWIVjUNeC1zAFb+RDKXksM 9r531bwmpQW9+hQDDsx5pqwDRWBXcFES2hc+gEn/wJGdEEWdE6LoWcoxQweaTNmkhydkKaYMYY2Q p1unbLl/pPKbn3v7EZRvrKvqlja2ONvrtoIw9tn2g32/tQBlhtYkU+MNikZ7QYlPDPuMldpOmuJX nVo5VF3HjI+q89mteX5IDd/fVFClma5kiE4f2XUJhlz09gj2NbTDRifkmu7zXjR++RVJ/lPznuvr QH2iD6S+UewP9Dnon6d2NLwN8n90BB6hC68cFMCHoe+ACASP9c4DowUyEF0OPFcDI0ij/VXPaAKC UfhS95AKGoQ7IBRICI1HwhGaUIQoLGEKT6jCFrLwhSuMoQtlCMMZ2rCGOKShDm+4wxzy8Ic+DGIP B4cIRCKGMCAAOy== ------=_NextPart_01CA49EF.94EE0A40 Content-Location: file:///C:/87135DF2/CHAP6.2_files/frame.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii" Chapter 1: Course Introduction ------=_NextPart_01CA49EF.94EE0A40 Content-Location: file:///C:/87135DF2/CHAP6.2_files/outline.htm Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"

No= tes

Slide Show

Outline

1

2

3

Objectives

Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to:

Describe the features and operation of OSPF

Use Cisco IOS commands to configure dynamic routing for a single ar= ea OSPF network, given a functioning router

Use show and debug commands to identify anomalies in dynamic routing operation using OSPF, given an operational router

4

Introducing OSPF=

5

OSPF as a Link-S= tate Protocol

OSPF propagates link-state advertisements rather than routing table updates.

LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area.

The OSPF link-state database is pieced together from the LSAs gener= ated by the OSPF routers.

OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to a destination.

Link =3D router interface

State =3D description of an interface and its relationship to neighboring routers

6

OSPF Hierarchical Routing

Consists of areas and autonomous systems

Minimizes routing update traffic

7

Shortest Path Fi= rst Algorithm

8

Configuring Sing= le Area OSPF

9

OSPF Configurati= on Example

10

Configuring Loo= pback Interfaces

Router ID:

Number by which the router is known to OSPF

Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at the momen= t of OSPF process startup

Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP address of any active loopback interface

11

Verifying the O= SPF Configuration

12

OSPF debug comm= ands

13

Summary

OSPF is an interior gateway protocol similar to IGRP, but based on = link states rather than distance vectors.

OSPF advertises information about each of its links rather than sen= ding routing table updates like a distance vector protocol.

The SPF algorithm places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost required to reach that destination.

14

Summary (Cont.)=

Use the router ospf command to start an OSPF routing process and the network command to associate addresses to an OSPF area.

You can use any one of a number of show commands to display informa= tion about an OSPF configuration.

To display information on OSPF-related events, such as adjacencies, flooding information, designated router selection, and SPF calculat= ion, use the debug ip ospf events privileged EXEC command.

15

<= /a>= = = = = <= /a>= = = = =
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	Sli= de 1 of 2
	Pur= pose: This slide states the chapter objectives.
	Emp= hasize: Read or state each objective so that each student has a clear understanding of= the chapter objectives.
	Not= e: Catalyst switches have different CLIs. The Catalyst 2900xl and the Catalyst 1900 h= as a Cisco IOS CLI. The Cisco IOS CLI commands available on the 2900xl is different from the 1900. The Catalyst 5000 family has no Cisco IOS CLI, a= nd use the set commands instead. This class only covers the configura= tion on the Catalyst 1900 switch.


	Pur= pose: This figure presents the IGRP metric with its five possible components.=
	Emp= hasize : Bandwidth and delay are the two metrics that are most commonly used. They also comprise the default metric.
	Not= e: Changing IGRP metrics can have great impact on network performance.
	Descri= be the IGRP 24-bit metric field, as follows:
	•Bandwidth—Minimum bandwidth on the route, in kilobits per second.
	•Delay—Route delay, in tens of microseconds.
	•Reliability—Likelihood of successful packet transmission, expressed as an integer from 0 to 255.
	•Loading—Effective bandwidth of path.
	•MTU—Minimum MTU in path, expressed in bytes.
	The fo= llowing equation calculates the metric. It is presented for instructors and is not required to be taught:
	•metric =3D [k1 x bandwidth + (k2 x bandwidth) / (256 - load) + k= 3 x delay]
	If k5 = does not equal 0, an additional operation is done:
	•metric =3D metric x (k5/(reliability + k4))
	The de= fault constant values are k1 =3D k3 =3D 1 and k2 =3D k4 =3D k5 =3D 0.
	Again,= if default values are set, metric =3D bandwidth + delay.
	The co= nstants (k1, k2, k3) can be changed using the metric weights command. Changes to the IGRP constant values should be made with great care.


	Pur= pose: The figure presents how IGRP load sharing improves throughput and increases reliability.
	Emp= hasize: Only feasible paths can be used for IGRP load sharing.
	Load-b= alancing methods vary according to the switching mode because the data structures = for process switching, fast switching, and autonomous switching are all different. When process switching, the processor load-balances packet by packet. When fast, autonomous, or silicon switching, load balancing is do= ne destination by destination.
	By def= ault, the amount of variance is set to one, which results in equal-cost load balanc= ing.
	You ca= n use the default-metric command to change the default metric.
	Tra= nsition: The following pages describe how to configure the IGRP routing protocol.<= /font>


	Pur= pose: This chapter introduces the Cisco IOS™ CLI on the Catalyst® 1900 swi= tch and router.
	Tim= ing: This chapter should take about 2 hours to present.
	Not= e: The Catalyst 1900 switch only has a subset of the router Cisco IOS commands available.
	Con= tents:
	•Introduction to Cisco IOS. Explain to the student what is IOS?
	•Cisco Device startup procedures in general.
	•IOS configuration source.
	•General introduction to the IOS CLI.
	•Cat 1900 switch startup procedures.
	•Intro to Cat 1900 CLI. This part covers the basic configuration = on the switch, like setting the IP address and hostname. More details about the various Cat 1900 switch configuration commands are explained in Chapter 6= and 7.
	•Router startup procedures. More details on the router startup pr= ocess is discussed in chapter 5.
	•Router IOS CLI.


	Pur= pose: The figure introduces the IGRP routing protocol. IGRP is a sophisticated dist= ance vector routing protocol.
	Emp= hasize: The Interior Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) is a dynamic distance-vector rou= ting protocol designed by Cisco in the mid-1980s for routing in an autonomous system that contains large, arbitrarily complex networks with diverse bandwidth and delay characteristics. Historically, IGRP became one of the success factors for the early Cisco IOS software capabilities because of = its superiority to RIP version 1.
	The im= portant IGRP characteristics are as follows:
	•More scalability than RIP
	•Fast response to network changes
	•Sophisticated metric
	•Multiple-path support


	Sli= de 1 of 2
	Pur= pose: This figure explains how to use the router igrp and network comm= ands to configure an IGRP process.
	Emp= hasize: Note that the AS keyword is required for IGRP.
	You ca= n use multiple network commands to specify all networks that are to participate in the IGRP process. Only those networks specified will be published to other routers.


	Pur= pose: The figure shows how the IGRP commands operate on the example network.=
	Emp= hasize: An administrator only specifies directly connected networks that should be published to other routers.
	Withou= t the network command, nothing is advertised. With a network command, the ro= uter will advertise every subnet within the Class A, B, or C network specified= in the configuration.


	Pur= pose: This slide discuss the initial configurations on the routers and switches.
	Not= e: There is no setup mode on the Catalyst 1900 switch.

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3	Objectives Upon completing this lesson, you will be able to: Describe the features and operation of OSPF Use Cisco IOS commands to configure dynamic routing for a single ar= ea OSPF network, given a functioning router Use show and debug commands to identify anomalies in dynamic routing operation using OSPF, given an operational router
4	Introducing OSPF=
5	OSPF as a Link-S= tate Protocol OSPF propagates link-state advertisements rather than routing table updates. LSAs are flooded to all OSPF routers in the area. The OSPF link-state database is pieced together from the LSAs gener= ated by the OSPF routers. OSPF uses the SPF algorithm to calculate the shortest path to a destination. Link =3D router interface State =3D description of an interface and its relationship to neighboring routers
6	OSPF Hierarchical Routing Consists of areas and autonomous systems Minimizes routing update traffic
7	Shortest Path Fi= rst Algorithm
8	Configuring Sing= le Area OSPF
9	OSPF Configurati= on Example
10	Configuring Loo= pback Interfaces Router ID: Number by which the router is known to OSPF Default: The highest IP address on an active interface at the momen= t of OSPF process startup Can be overridden by a loopback interface: Highest IP address of any active loopback interface
11	Verifying the O= SPF Configuration
12	OSPF debug comm= ands
13	Summary OSPF is an interior gateway protocol similar to IGRP, but based on = link states rather than distance vectors. OSPF advertises information about each of its links rather than sen= ding routing table updates like a distance vector protocol. The SPF algorithm places each router at the root of a tree and calculates the shortest path to each destination based on the cumulative cost required to reach that destination.
14	Summary (Cont.)= Use the router ospf command to start an OSPF routing process and the network command to associate addresses to an OSPF area. You can use any one of a number of show commands to display informa= tion about an OSPF configuration. To display information on OSPF-related events, such as adjacencies, flooding information, designated router selection, and SPF calculat= ion, use the debug ip ospf events privileged EXEC command.
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