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STEP2SOLUTIONS
►Upon completion of this chapter, you will be = able to perform the following tasks:
<= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:39.5%;left:11.23%;width:90.63%;height:6.25%= '>= 226;Configure HDLC and PPP protocols on a serial WAN connection.
<= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:52.49%;left:11.23%;width:97.94%;height:6.25= %'>= 226;Configure PAP and CHAP authentication on a PPP connection.
<= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:65.75%;left:11.23%;width:84.45%;height:6.25= %'>= 226;Verify proper point-to-point HDLC and PPP <= /span>configuration.
Objectives
Purpose: This figure states the chapter objectives.
Emphasize: Read or state each objective so each student has a clear understanding of= the chapter objectives.
Transition: The next section presents an introduction to wide-area services.

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STEP2SOLUTIONS
WAN Overview
Service
Provider
►WANs connect sites.
►Connection requirements vary depending on <= /span>= user requirements and cost.
Purpose: This figure introduces students to WAN connections.
Emphasize: Highlight the interconnected WAN connections between the various company sites. The site graphically present a mobile dial-up user, a telecommuter using a DDR connection, and two office sites with multiple connections.
This course teaches students how to configure a WAN. Tell students that a WAN = is a data communications network that serves users across a broad geographic a= rea.
Transition: Following are the various physical connections that will connect these si= tes.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
Leased Line
Synchronous Serial
Telephone
Company
Circuit-Switched
Asynchronous Serial,
ISDN Layer 1
Service
Provider
Packet-Switched
Synchronous Serial
WAN Connection Types: Layer 1
Purpose: This figure introduces students to various physical WAN connections.
Emphasize: Leased lines have point-to-point connections that are indefinitely reserv= ed for transmissions, rather than switched as transmission is required. Typically, a leased connection is made using serial lines.
Circuit-switched connections are dedicated physical circuit paths established only during = the duration of a call. Physical circuit-switched examples are asynchronous serial and ISDN.
Packet-switched networks use packet switching technology for data transfer.
Evolving physical connections not discussed in this course follow:
Digital subscriber line (DSL)—DSL is an emerging technology that delivers h= igh bandwidth over conversational copper lines. There are four varieties of D= SL: asymmetric digital subscriber line (ADSL), high-data-rate digital subscri= ber line (HDSL), single-line digital subscriber line (SDSL), and very-high-data-rate digital subscriber line (VDSL). Because most DSL technologies do not use the whole bandwidth of the twisted pair, there is room left for a voice channel.
Cable—Cable is an emerging technology for data transport that uses a coaxial cable me= dium to transport the data. It is a good choice in emerging markets such as Ch= ina where copper pairs for telephones are not standardized.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
Point-to-Point or <= /div>
Circuit-Switched
Co= nnection
CO Switch
Customer Premises
Eq= uipment
Demarcation
Local Loop
WAN Service Provider Toll Network
Trunks and Switches
Interfacing WAN Service Providers
►Provider assigns connection parameters to <= /span>subscriber.
=
S
S
S
S
S
S
S
Purpose: This figure identifies the terms of various devices used to complete the = WAN connection.
Note: CPE includes both the devices owned by the subscriber and devices leased = to the subscriber by the service provider.
The demarc often occurs at a telecommunication closet (a room containing a punch-down block of provider wiring).
Usually the local loop extends for a relatively short distance to the nearest telephone company premises.
The central office acts as:
An entry point to the WAN cloud for calling.
An exit point from the WAN for called devices.
A switching point for calls that traverse the facility.
Inside the long-distance toll network are several types of central offices. For example, a calling subscriber’s connection on a local loop can ente= r an end central office switch and access an interoffice trunk to a toll centr= al office. In most U.S. locations, AT&T, Sprint, and MCI offer toll offi= ces to handle their subscribers’ calls.
Within the provider’s cloud, the caller’s traffic may cross a trunk = to a primary center, then go to a sectional center, and then to a regional or international carrier center as the call goes the long distance to its destination.
A called subscriber can receive a call that has traversed the trunks and switches = of a similar hierarchy of central offices. The called subscriber receives the = call over the local loop from the called subscriber’s end central office= .
Often, for point-to-point circuits spanning regional or national boundaries, sev= eral providers handle a connection in the toll network.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
Serial Point-to-Point Connections
3DH2485epsi2
Router Connections
Network Connections at the CSU/DSU<= /div>
EIA/TIA-232
EIA/TIA-449
EIA-530
V.35
X.21
CSU/
DSU=
End-User Device
Service Provider
DTE
DCE
Purpose: This section describes the various serial standards that support leased-l= ine connections.
Emphasize: The same 60-pin end that attaches to a Cisco device supports all the standards illustrated.
Note: Data switching equipment (DSE) is an additional term sometimes used to describe the switch components that appear inside the cloud. The DSE adds= and removes channels assigned inside the WAN. The DSE connects traffic from various sources to their final destinations through other switches.
Transition: The next layer in the stack is Layer 2, the data link layer.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
Leased Line
Circuit-Switched
PPP, SLIP, HDLC
HDLC, PPP, SLIP
Packet-Switched
X.25, Frame Relay, ATM
Typical WAN Encapsulation <= /span>Protocols: Layer 2
Telephone
Company
Service
Provider
Purpose: This figure introduces students to various encapsulation options to use o= ver the various physical connections.
Emphasize: In order to exchange traffic over a WAN link, the packets must be encapsulated into a Layer 2 frame. There are a variety of Layer 2 encapsulation types available that can be used, depending on the WAN connection being used. Some of the types are listed the figure.
Encapsulation must be configured on the router when configuring the interface. Some of these encapsulation types will be seen again in the following chapters.
In an ISDN environment, the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) is the B channel̵= 7;s Layer 2 encapsulation. Link Access Procedure on the D channel (LAPD) is t= he encapsulation for the D channel.
Either the proprietary Cisco or Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) (defined = in RFC 1490) encapsulations are the Layer 2 encapsulations for Frame Relay.<= /font>
Note: Other encapsulations not shown include AppleTalk Remote Access Protocol (ARAP), Compressed Serial Link Internet Protocol (CSLIP), or Synchronous = Data Link Control (SDLC).
Transition: We will first look at the HDLC encapsulation.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
Flag
Address
Control
Data
FCS
Flag
Standard HDLC
<= span style=3D'font-family:Helvetica;font-size:82%;color:black'>•Supports only single-protocol environments.
Flag
Address
Control
Proprietary
Data
FCS
Flag
Cisco HDLC
HDLC Frame Format
•Uses a proprietary data field to support
mu= ltiprotocol environments.
Purpose: This figure introduces students to HDLC encapsulation.
Emphasize: HDLC is the default Layer 2 protocol for Cisco router serial interfac= es. Cisco’s proprietary enhancement to HDLC incorporates a protocol or = type field to allow multiple protocols to be carried on a single link.<= br>
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
HDLC Command
Router(config-if)#encapsulation hdlc
•Enables HDLC encapsulation.
•Uses the HDLC default encapsulatio= n on
sy= nchronous serial interfaces.
Purpose: This figure describes how to configure HDLC on a serial connection.
Emphasize: The encapsulation hdlc command is the default encapsulation on a C= isco router’s serial connection.
Transition: If the network consists of Cisco and non-Cisco devices, you should use PPP instead of HDLC.

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STEP2SOLUTIONS
PPP Encapsulation
TCP/IP
Novell IPX
AppleTalk
Multiple Protocol
En= capsulations Using
NC= Ps in PPP
►PPP can carry packets from several protocol suites= using Network Control Programs. <= /span>
►PPP controls the setup of several link options usi= ng LCP.
Link Setup and Control
Us= ing LCP in PPP
An Overview of PPP
Purpose: This figure presents an overview of PPP.
Emphasize: The figure illustrates the multiple protocols that NCP supports.
The two arrows pointing to the router interfaces are where PPP encapsulation occu= rs.
The first bullet summarizes the role of NCP. The second bullet summarizes the role of the LCP options that the administrator can use to set up and cont= rol the data link.
Several RFCs are used to specify aspects of PPP. RFC 1548 is the major specificat= ion for the major PPP NCP and LCP operations.

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