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STEP2SOLUTIONS
Objectives
►Upon completion of this chapter, you will be able to perform the following tasks:
&Osl= ash;Describe the components that make up ISDN connectivity. <= /div>
ØConf= igure ISDN BRI and legacy dial-on-demand routing (DDR).
&Os= lash;Verify DDR operation.
Purpose: This figure states the chapter objectives.
Emphasize: Read or state each objective so each student has a clear understanding of= the chapter objectives.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
What Is ISDN?
Provider
Network
Digital  &n= bsp; PB= X
Small Office<= /div>
Home Office <= /div>
=
Voice, data, video, and special services
Telecommuter<= /div>
Central Site<= /div>
Purpose: This figure describes various ISDN environments.
Emphasize: The icons in the cloud represent ISDN switches. The figure displays diffe= rent sites that may use ISDN.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
§= Standards from the ITU-T (formerly CCITT)
ISDN Standards
Protocol
Key Examples
Telephone = network and ISDN
ISDN concepts, <= span style=3D'position:absolute;top:58.74%;left:9.55%;width:21.16%;height:4.0%'= >aspects, and <= /b>= interfaces=
Switching and signaling<= /span>
I-series
Q.921—LA= PD (Link Access Procedure on the D channel)
Q.931—ISDN network layer between
terminal and switch
Q-series
Issue
E-series
E.163—In= ternational telephone
numbering plan
E.164—International ISDN addressing=
I.100 Series—Concepts, structures, terminology
I.400—User-Network Interfaces (UNIs)
Purpose: This figure describes the ISDN standards.
Emphasize: The following ISDN standards relate back to the ISO/OSI model:
Layer 3—The ITU-T Q.931 provides a network-layer protocol. This ISDN call control protocol follows the ITU-T recommendations for the ISDN signaling layer. Signaling information is sent so the network will operate correctl= y. ISDN uses out-of-band signaling, even from home to the central office. Th= ere are many variations on how a provider’s switch implements Q.931. At this layer, ISDN addressing generally follows conventions from E.164.
Layer 2— In the ITU-T  Q.921= LAPD data link protocol, the recommendation specifies the framing format for t= he ISDN call control message (in other words, LAPD encapsulated the Q.931 signaling message).
Layer 1—The ITU-T I.430/I.431 recommendation specifies the ISDN physical-layer interfaces: I.430 for the basic interface, and I.431 for t= he primary interface.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
►BRI and PRI are used globally for ISDN.
Channel
Mostly Used For
B
Circuit-switched data (HDLC, PPP)
Capacity
64 kbps
D
2B
Service
Pr= ovider
Network
NT1
ISDN Access Options
Signaling information (LAPD)
D
16/64 kbps
CSU/DSU
23 or 30B
BRI=
PRI=
D
Purpose: This figure explains BRI and PRI.
Emphasize: Be aware of geographic variations regarding ISDN services. With PRI, for example, there are 23 B channels in the United States and Japan, and 30 in Europe.
Highlight that LAPD is the data link protocol on the D channel, and PPP is typically seen on the B channels.

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STEP2SOLUTIONS
3
1
BRI Call Processing
ISDN <= /span>
Service Provid= er
4
B Channel(s)<= /div>
D Channel/SS7 Signaling<= /b>
2
SS7
ISDN
Switch
ISDN
Switch
Purpose: This figure describes the ISDN BRI call setup process.
Emphasize: The D channel is always up. The D channel is the signaling channel. The B channels are used to send data.
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Slide Title
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
ISDN Functions and Referenc= e Points
•“<= span style=3D'font-size:81%'>Functions” are devices or hardwa= re.
•“<= span style=3D'font-size:81%'>Reference points” are demarc= ations or interfaces.=
NT-1
TA
TE2
TE1
NT-2
Local
Loop
Existing =
Terminal
ISDN Terminal<= /b>
Terminal =
Adapter
R
S
T
U
Service
Provider
Network
Purpose: This figure highlights ISDN hardware standards and reference points.<= /font>
Emphasize: The TE1 designates a native ISDN device that can connect directly to its = S/T interface. The TE1 characterizes a Cisco router that has a BRI.
The NT1 is a required external device that converts the 4-wire connection on the T interface to a 2-wire U line interface. The U interface also ensures rate conversion, clock synchronization, frame alignment, and adequate power supply, and provides an operational and maintenance control point for the service provider.
The TE2 designates a non-native ISDN device that requires a TA for its S interface signals. The TE2 characterizes a Cisco router without a BRI.
The TA is an external device required on non-native ISDN devices. The TA adapts = the standard R-type device signals (RS-232, V.35, and so on) for the ISDN S/T interface. The S interface enables the connection for user devices and provides access to the useful transmission rate (for example, 144 kbps for BRI). The T interface corresponds to the S interface from the provider perspective. The T interface offers the total transmission rate (for exam= ple, 192 kbps from 2B x 64 + 1D x 16 + 1Y x 48).
There is also a V interface that is part of the ISDN cloud. It is not covered here because it does not affect the CPE side of the connection.
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STEP2SOLUTIONS
Cisco ISDN BRI Interfaces
TA
S/T
R
Service
Pr= ovider
Ne= twork
Native ISDN Interface—int bri 0
Non-native ISDN Interface—int serial 0
(EIA/TIA-232, V.35, X.21= )
NT-1
NT-1
S0